The Mission

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|'''The Bangalore iGEM Project Plan, 07'''


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== '''The Objective''' ==

To investigate multistability and hysteresis in combinatorially constructed synthetic ''Vibrio'' quorum sensing circuits

== '''The Target - ''Vibrio'' Quorum Sensing System''' ==

[[Image:vibrio_qs.jpg|thumb|200px|Fig. 1:  Quorum sensing in Vibrio fischeri - a LuxI-R signalling circuit. Red triangles indicate the autoinducer that is produced by LuxI. OM, outer membrane; IM, inner membrane.]]

Quorum sensing is a phenomenon by which bacteria sense a critical cell density before turning on the expression of certain genes. It involves the gradual build-up of a chemical termed the 'autoinducer' in the cell. The autoinducer freely diffuses across the cell membrane and hence, its concentration is population density dependent. When the concentration crosses a threshold, the bacteria switch to a different physiological state such as bioluminescence, virulent gene expression, and bio-film formation. 

In ''Vibrio fischeri'', when the population density (and hence the concentration of autoinducer) crosses a certain threshold, the expression of a set of genes that is required for bioluminescence is turned on. The production of the autoinducer is under the control of a gene, the expression of which involves ''positive feedback''. Figure 1 shows the various components of this system (Ref. 1).

View a powerpoint presentation. [[Media:QSppt.ppt|Click here.]]

==='''Why did we pick this system?'''===

The Vibrio quorum sensing system involves a well-defined set of genes and a promoter, and has a degree of complexity that offers wide scope for exploration. Additionally, the concentration of the active transcriptional regulator, LuxR* is dependent on 3 factors:
i) The concentration of LuxI 
ii) The population density  
iii) The concentration of LuxR

All these factors can be experimentally controlled. Thus, the nature of the system offers one an extremely good handle on the feedback strength of the genetic circuit.

=='''A note on Multistability and Hysteresis'''==
[[Image:Break_feedback_loop.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Fig. 2: Schematic view of a feedback system before (Left) and after (Right) breaking the feedback loop. ‘?’ is the input of the open-loop system and ‘?’ is the output.]]

In the recent past, multistability has been an important recurring theme in studies on cell signalling. Angeli et al (Ref. 2) have shown that for a class of feedback systems of arbitrary order, the stability properties and bifurcation diagram of the system can be deduced mathematically from how the system behaves when feedback is blocked. [[Image:Io_curve.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Fig. 3: Steady state I/O static characteristic curve for the open loop of the mutually inhibitory Cdc2-Cyclin B/Wee1 feedback system (red). The solid blue line represents ? as a function of ? for unitary feedback. ]]The system is guaranteed to be bistable for some range of feedback strengths provided the feedback-blocked system is monotone and shows a sigmoidal characteristic. 

A simple graphical method can be used to deduce the stability behaviour of such systems (Ref. 2). The key feature of this approach is to view the positive feedback system as a feedback closure of its corresponding 'open loop' system. This open loop system is obtained by breaking the feedback loop at the point of feedback (Fig. 2).

Now, one can experimentally manipulate the amount of input (''w'') and monitor the output (''n'') as a function of ?. The fixed points of the corresponding closed loop system are then obtained by intersecting ? = f (?) with the straight line, ? = (1/?) ?, where ' ? ' is the feedback strength. At these points of intersection, the open loop system exactly mimics the closed loop system. As shown in Fig. 3, they represent two stable steady states (I and III) and one unstable steady state (II).

[[Image:Bifurcation.jpg|thumb|185px|left|Fig. 4: Bifurcation diagram, showing bistability when the feedback strength ‘?’ is between ~0.83 and ~1.8. ]]

All positive-feedback, multistable systems show the associated property of ''hysteresis''. This can be explained by analysing the corresponding bifurcation diagram, which is a plot of the steady states as a function of the feedback strength (see Fig. 4). To do this, one can vary the feedback strength, ‘?’ and find the different points at which the I/O characteristic curve intersects the equivalence line ? = (1/?) ?. At high and low feedback strength values, the system is monostable whereas in the intermediate region, there are three intersections, one associated with an unstable state and the other two with stable states.  

The bifurcation diagram clearly shows the hysteretic (i.e history-dependent) behaviour of the system in the bistable region. Increasing ? from low to high results in picking the lower branch in the bistable regime, whereas decreasing from high to low takes the system to the upper branch.

=='''Our Approach'''==
[[Image:The_Y.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Fig. 5. Diagram showing the two ways( indicated by --->) in which the loop is closed.]]
We plan to conduct experiments to explore the multistability of our synthetic genetic circuits by using the approach described by Angeli et al. We use a positive-feedback system, whose open loop can be closed in two different ways     
(Fig. 5).

The transcriptional regulator, LuxR* governs the expression of the promoter, pR. Since the concentration of LuxR* depends on the concentrations of both AI and LuxR, we have a remarkable handle on the feedback. Hence, we look for bistability by varying the concentrations of AI and LuxR and shifting our I/O characteristic curves to intersect the equivalence ? = ? (?=1) line at various points. In contrast, Angeli et al varied the feedback strength (?) values to explore bistability in their numerical simulations.

== '''The Parts''' ==

'''I''' '''''Promoters''''':   [[Image:prom_icon.jpeg|40px]]  

*pR    [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_R0062 BBa_R0062]]
*pLac  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_R0011 BBa_R0011]]
*pTet  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_R0040 BBa_R0040]]

'''II''' '''''Regulator''''':   [[Image:reg_icon.jpg|40px]]
*LuxR   [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_C0062 BBa_C0062]]

'''III''' '''''Signalling''''':   [[Image:sig_icon.jpg|40px]]     
*LuxI --> AI     [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_C0161 BBa_C0161]]
             
'''IV''' '''''Inducers''''':   [[Image:ind_icon.jpg|40px]]         
*IPTG (Isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside)
*aTc (anhydro tetracycline)

'''IV''' '''''Reporters''''':   [[Image:rep_icon.jpg|40px]]   
*CFP (C)   [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E0020 BBa_E0020]]
*YFP (Y)   [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E0030 BBa_E0030]]

== '''The Main Constructs''' ==
[[Image:NET1_closed.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Fig.6 Network 1 by combinatorial construction]] [[Image:NET2_closed.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fig.7 Network 2 by combinatorial construction]]


By combinatorial construction, we have used our network parts to design two positive feedback systems (Figs. 6 & 7). 
*pLac luxI.cfp pR luxR.yfp [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22291 BBa_J22291]]

*pLac luxR.yfp pR luxI.cfp  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22301 BBa_J22301]]


The feedback-blocked, open loop system for both the systems can be represented by using the following two constructs as shown in the Fig. 8.

*pTet luxI.cfp  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22241 BBa_J22241]]

*pLac luxR.yfp pR cfp  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22281 BBa_J22281]]





=='''Experiments Designed'''==

[[Image:NET_open.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Fig.8 Diagram illustrating the feedback blocked system of Network 1]]

==='''The open-loop system for Network 1'''===
	
*The feedback step involving production of LuxR from the pR promoter is broken and in its place, LuxR is placed under the regulation of the pLac promoter and the CFP gene is placed under the regulation of the pR promoter.
   
*Cells containing the construct pTet luxI.cfp will be initially cultured at a desired aTc concentration (to drive the production of a desired concentration of AI by inducing LuxI expression) at a particular density. The cells will then be separated by centrifugation and the medium containing AI will be added to the growth medium of the cells hosting the construct pLac luxR.yfp  pR cfp 

*The fluorescent intensities of the reporter proteins (LuxR.YFP and CFP) will then be obtained using FACS, which will now, correspond to a single aTc concentration and cell density.

*The experiments will be repeated for varying values of aTc concentrations and cell densities to obtain a family of curves relating the CFP and LuxR.YFP as shown (Fig. 9).

[[Image:LUXRYFPCFP_CURVES.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Fig.9 CFP vs. LuxR.YFP plot]]

It should be noted that, the O/P (which is fed back as the I/P) in the closed-loop system is different from its counterpart in the open-loop system. In the former, it is LuxR.YFP and in the latter, it is CFP. Hence, an equivalence line (shown in the figure as an inclined dark line), which relates LuxR.YFP and CFP, needs to be obtained. 

The induction of the constructs, pLac luxR.yfp pR cfp and pLac cfp at various concentrations of IPTG will yield us different O/P intensities of CFP and LuxR.YFP for different IPTG concentrations. The expression levels for the two genes (quantified by the fluorescent intensities) at various IPTG concentrations can now be plotted to give the equivalence line. The equivalence line thus generated when superimposed on the family of curves obtained from the open-loop system will give the steady states for the system.  Conclusions regarding the stability of the states will be based on the theorem proposed by Angeli et al.

It has to be noted that, the expression levels of luxI.cfp driven in the open loop will be different from that in the closed loop as they are under two different promoters.  Hence, in order to obtain an equivalent concentration of aTc that will give the same expression levels as that of a particular IPTG concentration, we will require an equivalence curve between aTc and IPTG.  This will be obtained by inducing the following constructs with varying concentrations of IPTG and aTc.

1.	pLac luxI.cfp  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22231 BBa_J22231]]

2.	pTet luxI.cfp  [[http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J22241 BBa_J22241]]

=='''''The Scaling Argument and its requirement'''''==

The production of AI is dependent on both LuxI expression and cell density. If the relationship among the three is known, one can achieve various concentrations of AI by sweeping through one of the parameters alone (LuxI or cell density). One can safely assume that at constant LuxI, the amount of AI produced is linearly proportional to cell density and vice-versa. Hence, 

<nowiki>                           AI = a LuxI * ?</nowiki>
<nowiki>

where, 		a --> constant
                ? --> cell density</nowiki>

To prove the scaling argument, we find the CFP intensities corresponding to a particular concentration of AI at various aTc concentrations and cell densities. Subsequently, we verify that when the product of cell density and concentration of LuxI is the same in 2 trials, the amount of AI being produced is also the same.


=='''Characterisation of Network 2'''==

The plot for the open loop system in this case can be obtained from the open-loop system of Network 1 by fixing IPTG as the parameter and aTc as the variable input, so that we get the following family of curves (Fig. 10).
[[Image:LUXICFPCFP_CURVES.jpg|thumb|200px|center|Fig.10 Plot of CFP against LuxI.CFP]]

The steady states can then be obtained as described previously.

=='''References'''==

1.  Christopher M. and Bonnie L. (2005). Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in   Bacteria. '''Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.''', 21, 319–46.

2. David Angeli, James E. Ferrell, Jr., and Eduardo D. Sontag (2004). Detection of multistability, bifurcations, and hysteresis in a large class of biological positive-feedback systems. '''PNAS''', 101, 1822 – 1827.