USTC/Further More

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= Conductance Adjusting =
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== Further Optimization ==
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As we mentioned above, the noninterference Repressor/Operator pairs can play good roles as “wires”. Of course, different pairs have different strength of bond, so these wires will transfer different intensity of signals from upstream components to downstream ones, even though conducting the same two components. In qualitative or semiquantitative experiments, this will not be a serious problem, but we must solve it for experiments that are more precise.
+
Though the existing bio-logic gates and wires are able to form a practicable combinational logic circuit in a bacterial cell, there remain some bottlenecks limiting the capability of our method.  
 +
* '''Size of the Wires'''<br>The size of wires are much larger than the gates in our system. We think it should be reduced. Some ligands, for example, peptides, saccharides, lipid and so on, might be used as signal carrier.
-
We all know that different promoters can initialize transcription strongly or weakly ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J23100 Parts:BBa_J23100 and its family]). On the other hand, various RBS may lead to various efficiency of translation ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). Naturally, we will think of these two approaches: using different promoters or using different RBS. However, according to the idea of “modularization”, we don’t want to modify promoters casually because these promoters are the kernel elements of our logic components. Anyway, we can modify the other elements around this kernel, i.e. the RBS and operators. Let’s imagine the wires--every wire has two ends, and each of our Repressor/Operator pairs is a monodirectional wire. The beginning end is the RBS that activates the translation of this repressor protein, and the tail end is the operator that accesses the repression of this protein.  
+
* '''More Input Signals'''<br>More signals with high quality are needed in larger-scale bio-logic circuit to serve as inputs. We think computational protein-ligand design can play an important role in providing more highly-specificied protein-ligand pairs.
 +
* '''Response Time'''<br>At present, the response time of our bio-logic gates is much longer than that of electronic ones. This situation should be improved.
-
To modify the RBS or operators is just like changing the conductance of actual wires’ ends, so we call it “Conductance Adjusting”:
+
* '''I/O Standardization'''<br>Intensity of the input and output signals for different gates should be adjusted to the same level. There are several proposals as following.
-
==Using different RBS==
 
-
Registry of Standard Biological Parts have provided many kinds of RBS whose activities distributes within a wide range ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). We’ve submitted our repressor protein coding parts without RBS or terminator, so anyone can assemble them with appropriate RBS to get applicable efficiency of translation.
+
== Conductance Adjusting ==
-
Of course, we ourselves used our own RBS and terminator.
+
As mentioned above, the non-interference Repressor/Operator pairs can function well as “wires”. Of course, different pairs have different strength of bond. Binding intensity may also be different even if the two components are of the same type. Therefore, these wires will transmit different intensity of signals from upstream components to downstream ones. In qualitative or semiquantitative experiments, this will not be a serious problem, but we must solve it for experiments that are more precise.
 +
We all know that different promoters can initiate transcription strongly or weakly ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J23100 Parts:BBa_J23100 and its family]). On the other hand, various RBS may lead to various efficiency of translation ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). Naturally, we will think of the following two approaches: using different promoters or using different RBS. However, according to the idea of “modularization”, we don’t want to casually modify promoters because these promoters are the kernel elements of our logic components. Anyway, we can modify other elements around this kernel, i.e. the RBS and operators. Let’s imagine the wires--every wire has two ends, and each of our Repressor/Operator pairs is a monodirectional wire. The beginning end is the RBS that activates the translation of this repressor protein, and the tail end is the operator to which an according repressor can bind.
 +
To modify the RBS or operators is just like changing the conductance at the junctions of  actual wires, so we call it “Conductance Adjusting”:
 +
 +
===Using different RBS===
 +
 +
Registry of Standard Biological Parts have provided many kinds of RBS whose activities varies in a wide range ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). We’ve submitted our repressor protein coding parts without RBS or terminator so that every one can assemble them with appropriate RBS to get any efficiency of translation he wants.
 +
 +
[[Image:USTC NoRBS.png]]
 +
 +
 +
We have also submitted those protein coding parts with RBS B0034 and terminator B0015 assembled. If you care nothing for making use of the difference between different RBS, well, then they are good enough.
 +
 +
[[Image:USTC WithRBS.png]]
 +
 +
===Using different Operators===
 +
 +
[https://2007.igem.org/USTC/Repressor_Evolution_on_Plates#Directed_Repressor_Evolution Directed repressor evolution] has made the repressor/operator pairs bind tighter and tighter when it increase the specificity of these pairs. However, we may not need so strong a bound pair especially for NAND gate, so it is appropriate to develop a systematic method for weakening this strength. We have [[USTC/OperatorComposition|tried to do this]] and found the specific repressor binding on pattern Ox6 is about half the strength of it on original Oxx. Unfortunately Ox6 is not a general pattern because of singular sequence O66; meanwhile the general pattern Ox7 with a random sequence from O77 is too weak for our purpose. ([https://2007.igem.org/USTC/HybridOperator#Hybrid_Operators_for_Weaker_Binding more details about Ox6 and Ox7])
 +
We do not settle for only one singular pattern, so the next work may be to design and test more artificial pattern. Our aim is to get a series of pattern with different weakening effect instead of about 50% (Ox6).
 +
 +
 +
----
 +
== Further Further More ==
 +
 +
We've shown the fully extensibility of our systematic method for designing and testing artificial gates and wires. More logic gates together with more anti-interference wires always have the potential to compose more complex circuits in larger scales. Sixty years ago, the first transistor was invented, then after about ten years the first integrated circuit was invented. The quality of human life has continually been experiencing great advances. What will the artificial computation in biological organisms probably be like after 20 years? Time will tell.
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Latest revision as of 04:31, 27 October 2007

Contents

Further Optimization

Though the existing bio-logic gates and wires are able to form a practicable combinational logic circuit in a bacterial cell, there remain some bottlenecks limiting the capability of our method.

  • Size of the Wires
    The size of wires are much larger than the gates in our system. We think it should be reduced. Some ligands, for example, peptides, saccharides, lipid and so on, might be used as signal carrier.
  • More Input Signals
    More signals with high quality are needed in larger-scale bio-logic circuit to serve as inputs. We think computational protein-ligand design can play an important role in providing more highly-specificied protein-ligand pairs.
  • Response Time
    At present, the response time of our bio-logic gates is much longer than that of electronic ones. This situation should be improved.
  • I/O Standardization
    Intensity of the input and output signals for different gates should be adjusted to the same level. There are several proposals as following.


Conductance Adjusting

As mentioned above, the non-interference Repressor/Operator pairs can function well as “wires”. Of course, different pairs have different strength of bond. Binding intensity may also be different even if the two components are of the same type. Therefore, these wires will transmit different intensity of signals from upstream components to downstream ones. In qualitative or semiquantitative experiments, this will not be a serious problem, but we must solve it for experiments that are more precise.


We all know that different promoters can initiate transcription strongly or weakly ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J23100 Parts:BBa_J23100 and its family]). On the other hand, various RBS may lead to various efficiency of translation ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). Naturally, we will think of the following two approaches: using different promoters or using different RBS. However, according to the idea of “modularization”, we don’t want to casually modify promoters because these promoters are the kernel elements of our logic components. Anyway, we can modify other elements around this kernel, i.e. the RBS and operators. Let’s imagine the wires--every wire has two ends, and each of our Repressor/Operator pairs is a monodirectional wire. The beginning end is the RBS that activates the translation of this repressor protein, and the tail end is the operator to which an according repressor can bind.


To modify the RBS or operators is just like changing the conductance at the junctions of actual wires, so we call it “Conductance Adjusting”:

Using different RBS

Registry of Standard Biological Parts have provided many kinds of RBS whose activities varies in a wide range ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_J61100 Parts:BBa_J61100 and its family] and [http://partsregistry.org/JCA_Arkin_RBSFamilyPart2 JCA_Arkin_RBS Family]). We’ve submitted our repressor protein coding parts without RBS or terminator so that every one can assemble them with appropriate RBS to get any efficiency of translation he wants.

USTC NoRBS.png


We have also submitted those protein coding parts with RBS B0034 and terminator B0015 assembled. If you care nothing for making use of the difference between different RBS, well, then they are good enough.

USTC WithRBS.png

Using different Operators

Directed repressor evolution has made the repressor/operator pairs bind tighter and tighter when it increase the specificity of these pairs. However, we may not need so strong a bound pair especially for NAND gate, so it is appropriate to develop a systematic method for weakening this strength. We have tried to do this and found the specific repressor binding on pattern Ox6 is about half the strength of it on original Oxx. Unfortunately Ox6 is not a general pattern because of singular sequence O66; meanwhile the general pattern Ox7 with a random sequence from O77 is too weak for our purpose. (more details about Ox6 and Ox7) We do not settle for only one singular pattern, so the next work may be to design and test more artificial pattern. Our aim is to get a series of pattern with different weakening effect instead of about 50% (Ox6).


Further Further More

We've shown the fully extensibility of our systematic method for designing and testing artificial gates and wires. More logic gates together with more anti-interference wires always have the potential to compose more complex circuits in larger scales. Sixty years ago, the first transistor was invented, then after about ten years the first integrated circuit was invented. The quality of human life has continually been experiencing great advances. What will the artificial computation in biological organisms probably be like after 20 years? Time will tell.



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