Glasgow/Plan

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Revision as of 18:48, 8 October 2007

ElectrEcoBlu

ElectrEcoBlu combines an environmental biosensor for common organic pollutants with a microbial fuel cell which can produce its own electricity. These cells produce their own electrical power output which increases in the presence of one or more organic pollutant stimulants. This system has the potential to be used for self-powered long term in situ and online monitoring with an electrical readout. It is based around novel reporter genes encoding electron carrying mediators which aid the transfer of electrons from the cells to the electrodes resulting in enhanced electricity generation.

Environmental Biosensors

A biosensor is “a self contained integrated device consisting of a biological recognition element (enzyme, antibody, receptor or microorganism) which is interfaced to a chemical sensor (i.e., analytical device) that together reversibly respond in a concentration-dependent manner to a chemical species” (Rogers et al, 2006). Biosensors offer advantages over current analytical methods for environmental applications such as the possibility of portability and working on-site (Paitan et al, 2003), and being mre cost- and time-effective with the ability of measuring pollutants in complex matrices with minimal sample preparation Ron, 2007). Microorganisms are being developed to exhibit a quick, detectable response to low levels of contamination. These biosensors have the potential to be maintained on-site where they can monitor conditions constantly. For example, biosensors could be used in the soil or water outside of industrial factories to ensure that discharge from the factory is acceptable at all times, or at nuclear reactor sites to make ensure that radioactive materials are not being released into the environment.

Structure of a basic fuel cell.

Mediator Microbial Fuel Cells

Most microbial cells are electrochemically inactive. The electron transfer from microbial cells to the electrode is facilitated by mediators such as thionine, methyl viologen (methyl blue), neutral red etc, and of the mediators available are expensive and toxic. Microbial fuel cells produce power by use of a microbial cell-permeable chemical mediator, which in the oxidised form intercepts a proportion of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) within the microbial cell and oxidises it to NAD+. The now reduced form of mediator is also cell-permeable and diffuses away from the microbial cell to the anode where, the reduced redox mediator is then electro-catalytically re-oxidised. In addition, cell metabolism produces protons in the anodic chamber, which may migrate through a proton selective membrane to the cathodic chamber. In the latter, they are consumed by ferricyanide (Fe3-(CN)6) and incoming electrons (via the external circuit) reducing it to ferrocyanide (Fe4-(CN)6 ). The oxidised mediator is then free to repeat the cycle. This cycling continually drains off metabolic reducing power from the microbial cells to give electrical power at the electrodes.

Proposed biosynthetic pathway leading to pyocyanin. (Parsons, 2006).

Pyocyanin - A Novel Reoprter System

Pyocyanin is a zwitterion synthesised from chorismate by enzymes transcribed from the phz genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its synthesis is positively regulated by the LysR-like transcriptional activator MvfR (PqsR) through the synthesis of quorum-sensing quinolone molecules. Pyocyanin engages in oxidation-reduction reactions which deplete cells of NADH, glutathione, and other antioxidants, and produces oxidants such as superoxide and peroxides (Parsons, 2006). By isolating the genes phzM, phzS and the seven gene operon phzABCDEFG which express pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa, we intend to harness the oxidation-reduction potential of pyocyanin to power a microbial fuel cell.

While using P. aeruginosa in microbial fuel cells is extremely promising in fully exploiting and enhancing this technology, it is clearly necessary to either identify or engineer nonpathogenic bacteria that produce similar redox mediators.

XylR and BTEX Chemicals

Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes (BTEX chemicals) are types of volatile organic hydrocarbons found in petroleum derivatives. Contamination of BTEX chemicals, which can be toxic and carcinogens, is typically located near to petroleum and natural gas production sites, and in areas with ground storage tanks.

XylR protein, which has evolved in water- and soil-borne bacteria, alters in shape when bound to toluene-like chemicals and forms a transcriptional activator which binds to promoter Pu triggering a cascade of metabolic reactions (Willardson et al, 1998). We intend to use xylR and related promoters Pr and Pu to produce pyocyanin in the presence of toluene.

DntR and Dinitrotoluenes

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is an intermediate in the commercial production of TNT and is often found as an environmental contaminant in areas surrounding production sites. Being toxic and carcinogenic, it is a pollutant of major concern and therefore previous works have been undertaken to characterize the DNT recognition and degradation operons of Burkholderia cepacia strain R34 – an isolate found to be able to utilise 2,4-DNT as its sole carbon source (R.J. Spanggord 1991). During the course of our project we attempted to sub-clone the initial regulatory part of these pathways from a Pseudomonas strain carrying the relevant operon (Rosser & Bruce) with the intention of using it as the sensing component of our biosensor.

The regulatory region consists of a putative LysR-type transcription factor (DntR) consisting of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal cofactor-binding domain, 301 amino acids in length (Johnson 2002) which recognises 2,4-DNT and positively regulates transcription of an operon encoding components of the 2,4-DNT dioxygenase complex. We designed primers to the 3’ end of DntR and to the region immediately upstream of the first ORF in the operon (see Fig X, below) resulting in a product that conveniently contained both DntR and its target promoter.