From 2007.igem.org

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Some of the biological mechanisms at the base of the Division PoPper design have been widely studied in the past and well characterized in literature (for example, the repression mechanism of Tet and lambda promoters). Others, however, are quite new and only partially understood. In particular, this is true for the dif recombinase system and its function resolving chromosome dimers. Given the incomplete understanding of this system as well as the novel context into which we are placing it, we were forced to make many assumptions during the design process. How will the dif recombination system react to inverting rather than excising DNA? How will shifting the system from the chromosome onto the plasmid effect the recombination system? How many inversion events should we expect per cell division? While the current literature sheds light on many of these questions, there is no substitute for an experimental answer. If the dif recombination system is to be utilized in synthetic biological constructs it must first be characterized as a device. Our project, and in particular the realization and analysis of the proof of concept system, characterizes this recombination system and its relation to cell division from a synthetic biology perspective and creates a basis for further investigations as well as a device for future constructs. In this section, we propose a brief literature review of the dif recombinase system and its functions in cell division in order to motivate and understand the results of the proof of concept device.

Contents 1 The Dif Recombinase 2 Recombinase "Specifications" from Literature 2.1 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449051&blobtype=pdf Bloor] 2.2 [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00651.x Kuempel] 2.3 [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05755.x Bigot]

The Dif Recombinase

Recombinase "Specifications" from Literature

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1449051&blobtype=pdf Bloor]

- An Efficient Method of Selectable Marker Gene Excision by Xer Recombination for Gene Replacement in Bacterial Chromosomes (2006)

This article describes a system where a gene is deleted by replacing it with an antibiotic marker. The antibiotic marker is then excised during next cell division using the naturally expressed XerCD recombinases. This is similar to what we are doing except instead of excising we are inverting.

"The natural dif site is in the chromosome terminus region and is essential for correct chromosome segregation at cell division: deletion of dif(E. coli) results in a subpopulation of E. coli cells with a filamentous morphology (12). However, if natural dif(E. coli) is deleted, another dif(E. coli) site will not enable dimer resolution if placed outside of the 30-kb dif activity zone (DAZ) in the terminus region (6, 16). Therefore, while our method involves insertion of one or more extra dif sites at different chromosomal loci, this should not have an adverse effect on chromosome segregation, although the possibility that introduction of multiple dif sites in close proximity might result in deletion of intervening chromosomal DNA should be considered."

Summary: Dif sites outside of the DAZ zone shouldn't cause problems with the natural dif sites of the chromosome/plasmid

[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00651.x Kuempel]

- Cell division is required for resolution of dimer chromosomes at the dif locus of Escherichia coli (1998)

Good overview of the natural Xer recombinase system.

Summary: Dimers arise when a growing plasmid recombines with itself or if a daughter chromosome breaks at a replication fork

"In strains deleted for dif, failure to resolve dimer chromosomes leads to the Dif phenotype, which includes filamentation in a fraction of the cells, abnormal nucleoid morphology, SOS induction and decreased growth rate and plating efficiency compared with wild-type cells (Kuempel et al., 1991; Cornet et al., 1996)."

Summary: Missing or broken dif sites result in filamentation and slower growth rate

"dif is composed of a 28 bp ‘core’ sequence homologous to cer, which acts as the binding site for the resolvase enzymes XerC and XerD (Blakely et al., 1993). A difference between the sites is that cer is flanked by accessory sequences, which bind additional proteins and enhance recombination between sites in dimers. This provides directionality so that resolution of dimers to monomers is highly favoured (Blakely and Sherratt, 1996). Flanking sequences are not involved in resolution at dif as the phenotype of a 173 kb deletion can be suppressed by insertion of a 33 bp dif sequence (Tecklenburg et al., 1995). It has been proposed that directionality is provided by some aspect of chromosome partitioning itself. Structure is also important, as ectopic dif sites are only fully functional when located in an ≈30 kb region that surrounds the normal location of dif (Cornet et al., 1996; Kuempel et al., 1996)."

Summary: cer sites use accessory proteins to enhance dimer->monomer versus the reverse. dif sites don't use accessory proteins and favor the dimer-> monomer direction by some other structural or mechanical mechanism inherent in cell division (possibly KOPS sites and FtsK).

[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05755.x Bigot]

- a literal chromosome segregation machine (2007)

An up to date review on the mechanics of FtsK

Summary: The yellow rings are the FtsK motors which powerfully pull the DNA through them. When they encounter dif sites with XerC and XerD recombinases on them the recombination event is activated