From 2007.igem.org
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Oxygen Transport
To understand these modifications, we must first understand what features are present in E. coli strain MC1061, our starting point for Bactoblood. Like most strains of E. coli used in the lab, MC1061comes from the MG1655 lineage and is a "rough" strain. Unlike other "smooth" strains, MC1061 lacks surface-displayed capsular polysaccharides known as K capsules and O antigens. It retains the general 2-membrane
architecture present in gram-negative bacteria. In between these membranes is the periplasmic space which is composed of a gel-like carbohydrate-rich polymer called peptidoglycan.The inner membrane is composed of a lipidbilayer and a variety of proteins. The outer membrane similarly is a lipid bilayer, and the lipid component of it is called lipopolysaccharide, or LPS. The structure of LPS at it's core is a 6 fatty acid lipid called lipid X. When O antigen polymer chains are present, they are covalently attached to the outer leaf of LPS. K capsules are similarly embedded in the outer leaf of the outer membrane, but they are not directly attached to LPS. Other components of the outer membrane include a structural protein, LPP, and a variety of other proteins. This outer surface is the critical region of the bacterium for understanding how it interacts physically with the outside world. When the bloodstream "looks" at E. coli, what it "sees" is the outer membrane because everything else is stuck inside. Modifications such as O antigens and K capsules therefore have dramatic effects on the bacterium's interactions with the outside world.
The carbohydrates embedded in the outer membrane are extremely diverse within the E. coli species. Both K capsules and O antiens are linear carbohydrates polymer, but at least 150 chemically-distinct O antigens exist in one E. coli strain or another. Similarly, at least 100 chemically-distinct K capsules have been described. Almost all pathogenic strains of E. coli have some sort of capsular polysaccharide and are referred to as "smooth" strains. The rough vs. smooth distinction refers to a visibly discernible quality of their colonies. The particular choice of carbohydrate present in a bacterium is essential to its ability to survive in its living environment. For pathogenic and commensal bacteria, specific O or K carbohydrates are appropriate for distinct areas of the body (blood stream, urinary tract, intestines) and also for distinct animal types (birds, pigs, humans, cows, etc.). Over 90% of human cases of E. coli bacteremia (the clinical word for having bacteria in the bloodstream) are caused by strains that have a specific type of K capsule called K1. K1 is a long linear polymer of sialic acid that extends about half the diameter of the bacterium beyond its surface. Because polysialic acid is a frequent coating on mammalian cells, the human immune system does not recognize K1 as foreign. Bacteria with a K1 capsule are therefore resistant to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Proper display of a K1 capsule requires the concomitant expression of any of several O antigens. For our studies, we have chosen O16. Genetically, the K1 capsule requires ## genes encoded within a ##kb cassette. The O16 antigen requires ## genes encoded within a ##kb cassette. Together, these surface modifications allow the bacterium to avoid detection by the immune system and are predicted to extend the serum half-life of Bactoblood to several hours rather than the less-than-5 minutes observed with rough strains. Both of these gene clusters have been installed into the genome of MC1061 in the course of preparing our chassis strain.
The lipid X component of the LPS in E. coli contains 6 acyl chains. Mammalian blood contains a protein called LBP that scavenges this molecule from both live and lysed bacteria and transfers it to toll-like receptor 4 present on mammalian cells. These events initiate a signal transduction cascade resulting in the release of a protein called TNFalpha. The inflammatory response to these events at low doses helps your body fight off bacterial infections. At higher doses, it can result in organ failure and even death. The lipid X moiety present in a variety of other bacteria do not initiate this cascade of events. Similarly, a pentaacylated variant of the E. coli lipid X is ###x less agonistic of this response. Our bacteria synthesize this pentaacylated variant due to the deletion of the gene responsible for attaching the sixth acyl chain, msbB.
Essentially any component on the surface of the bacteria has the potential to elicit either innate or adaptive immune responses. Of those present on MC1061's surface, type I pili and flagella are known to elicit such responses. Each of these features is encoded within multi-gene operons encoding protein assemblies that extend out from the bacteral surface. Type I pili allow bacteria to adhere to the surface of mammalian cells. Flagella are the "propellers" that allow the bacteria to swim during chemotaxis. Bactoblood does not require either of these activities, so these genes were deleted in the chassis strain.
The genotype of our chassis organism is:
To illustrate the function of our chassis, here we show the function of 3 critical features of chassis: its ability to survive in serum, inability to grow in serum, and loss of chemotaxis due to the deletion of flagella.
architecture present in gram-negative bacteria. In between these membranes is the periplasmic space which is composed of a gel-like carbohydrate-rich polymer called peptidoglycan.The inner membrane is composed of a lipidbilayer and a variety of proteins. The outer membrane similarly is a lipid bilayer, and the lipid component of it is called lipopolysaccharide, or LPS. The structure of LPS at it's core is a 6 fatty acid lipid called lipid X. When O antigen polymer chains are present, they are covalently attached to the outer leaf of LPS. K capsules are similarly embedded in the outer leaf of the outer membrane, but they are not directly attached to LPS. Other components of the outer membrane include a structural protein, LPP, and a variety of other proteins. This outer surface is the critical region of the bacterium for understanding how it interacts physically with the outside world. When the bloodstream "looks" at E. coli, what it "sees" is the outer membrane because everything else is stuck inside. Modifications such as O antigens and K capsules therefore have dramatic effects on the bacterium's interactions with the outside world. 
