Davidson Missouri W/Results2

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=Results=
 
==Gene Splitting==
==Gene Splitting==
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[[Image:GFPplates.jpg|thumb|right|500px|'''Figure 1''': The negative control (hixC-GFP2) on the left does not fluoresce, but the experimental split GFP (Plac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-GFP2) on the right does.]]
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We were able to split two genes: GFP and RFP.  Split GFP has strong green fluorescence.  Split RFP's red color is much reduced compared to wild-type RFP.  It takes overnight incubation at room temperature for the red color to be visible in white light.  Both colors are fluorescent under UV light, although the green color predominates. In [https://2007.igem.org/Image:GFPplates.jpg Figure 1] below, a negative-control (on the left) does not fluoresce, but split GFP (on the right) does. [https://2007.igem.org/Image:Split_RFP.png Figure 2] shows a plate of cells containing split RFP.
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We were able to split two genes: GFP and RFP. Split GFP has strong green fluorescence.  Split RFP's red color is much reduced compared to wild-type RFP.  It takes overnight incubation at room temperature for the red color to be visible in white light.  Both colors are fluorescent under UV light, although the green color predominates. In '''Figure 1''' below, a negative-control (on the left) does not fluoresce, but split GFP (on the right) does. Click [https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2007/7/7c/Split_RFP.png here] to view a picture of cells containing split RFP.
+
[[Image:GFPplates.jpg|thumb|left|500px|'''Figure 1''': The negative control (hixC-GFP2) on the left does not fluoresce, but the experimental split GFP (pLac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-GFP2) on the right does.]]
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We also wanted to test fluorescence phenotypes with both proteins in the same cells. '''Figure 2''' shows cells containing both split GFP and split RFP, downstream of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter and co-transformed with T7 RNA polymerase plasmid ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715038 BBa_I715038]).  These cells look bright green, but the red color is hard to see under UV light.  Under white light, the green color is not apparent, but the cells are a little pink.  The cells only containing split RFP, on the right, are clearly pink under UV light.  However, not all cells are equally colored and some even contain a dark green fuorescene, which is a curious result as the cells do not contain GFP of any form.
+
[[Image:Split_RFP.png|thumb|left|250px|'''Figure 2''': Cells containing split RFP (pLac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-RFP2) after overnight incubation at room temperature.]]
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[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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[[Image:SplitRFP-GFP_SplitRFP.jpg|thumb|right|500px|'''Figure 2''': On the left, cells with the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid and a plasmid containing both split RFP and split GFP.  These cells fluoresce a bright green under UV light and look pink under white light.  On the right, cells with the T7 RNA polymerase and only split RFP demonstrate red fluorescence of varying intensities.]]
+
==Graphs==
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In addition to the regular split GFP and split RFP constructs, we also wanted to test some "hybrid" constructs to ensure that they would not fluoresce. GFP and RFP have similar structures and functions. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to modify GFP to display a wide range of color phenotypes.  We created the following parts: Plac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-GFP2 and Plac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-RFP2.  A plasmid may, at some point during its flipping process, contain such sequences.  We tested to make sure that the similarity of these two proteins did not make them compatible enough to fluoresce.  It was found that neither of these parts show any fluorescence or color change.
+
Once we managed to split two genes, we proceeded to implement two different 3-node graphs into plasmids. These graphs were named Graphs A and B and are shown below. For each graph, we wanted to find a Hamiltonian Path from the node represented by RFP (colored in green) to the node represented by the transcriptional terminator (colored in red)The plasmid representation of Graph A is not be capable of flipping into a [https://2007.igem.org/Davidson_Missouri_W/Mathematical_Modeling#True_Positives_and_False_Positives false positive] orientation, while the plasmid representation of Graph B does provide that possibility.
 +
[[Image:MWSUgraph.png|thumb|200px|left|'''Graph A''': This graph contains 3-nodes and 3-edges. We wanted to find a Hamiltonian path from the node representing RFP (colored in green) to the node representing the transcriptional terminator (colored in red).]] [[Image:DCgraph.png|thumb|200px|none|'''Graph B''': This graph also contains 3-nodes and 3-edges, however it provides the possibility of a false positive solution.]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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==Constructs==
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==Starting Orientations==
 +
We constructed the following Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP) constructs to test our bacterial computer system for Graphs A and B. Constructs that are built to solve [https://2007.igem.org/Image:MWSUgraph.png Graph A] are labeled HPP-A. Constructs that are built to solve [https://2007.igem.org/Image:DCgraph.png Graph B] are labeled HPP-B. A subscript equal to 0 denotes a plasmid in a solved orientation. A subscript that is greater than 0 denotes a plasmid that is in an unordered starting orientation.
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Once we managed to split two genes, we proceeded to implement two different graphs in plasmids.
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*'''HPP<sub>0</sub> (Positive Control for HPP-A and HPP-B constructs) '''<br>[[Image:hpp-3.png]]<br><br>
 +
*'''HPP-A<sub>0</sub> (Solved Orientation)'''<br>[[Image:hpp-4.png]]<br>
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*'''HPP-A<sub>1</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-2.png]]<br>
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*'''HPP-A<sub>2</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-5.png]]<br>
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*'''HPP-B<sub>1</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-1.png]]<br>
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[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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[[Image:MWSUgraph.png|thumb|200px|left|'''Graph A''': This graph contains 3-nodes and 3-edges. We wanted to find a Hamiltonian path from the node representing RFP (colored in green) to the node representing the transcriptional terminator (colored in red).]] [[Image:DCgraph.png|thumb|200px|none|'''Graph B''': This graph also contains 3-nodes and 3-edges, however it provides the possibility of a false positive solution.]]
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==Controls==
 +
Because are graphs require that solved colonies be selected for by double fluorescence (both red and green), we first performed control experiments to ensure that we could distinguish solved and unsolved colonies. To test fluorescence phenotypes when both split GFP and split RFP are the same cell, we used our positive control constructs ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715045 HPP<sub>0</sub>] and [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715042 HPP-A<sub>0</sub>]) with split RFP and split GFP both downstream of the T7 polymerase promoter. In the presence of T7 polymerase, cells with the split RFP/GFP plasmid should demonstrate both green and red fluorescence.
 +
 
 +
We first tried cotransforming our HPP<sub>0</sub> construct with a T7 RNA polymerase plasmid construct ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715038 BBa_I715038]). As can be seen in [https://2007.igem.org/Image:SplitRFP-GFP.jpg Figure 3] below, this cotransformation resulted in bright green colonies that demonstrated minimal red fluorescence. When we measured the fluorescence of the cotransformed control, RFP was not present at detectable levels (See fluorescence data [https://2007.igem.org/Davidson_Missouri_W/Results2#Dectection_of_Fluoresence_by_Spectroscopy below]).
 +
 
 +
We then tried transforming our HPP-A<sub>0</sub> control plasmid into cells that already contained T7 polymerase in their chromosome (T7 RNAP cells). As can be seen in [https://2007.igem.org/Image:DSC02737.jpeg Figure 4] below, these colonies displayed the yellowish color we expected. Based on our fluorescence data, (shown [https://2007.igem.org/Davidson_Missouri_W/Results2#Dectection_of_Fluoresence_by_Spectroscopy below]), we were able to show that GFP and RFP were present at detectable levels in this control.  We hypothesize that the difference in the two controls is due to higher concentrations of T7 RNA polymerase in the T7 RNAP cells than in the cotransformants. We therefore used the T7 RNAP cells for future experiments.
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 +
[[Image:SplitRFP-GFP.jpg|thumb|left|300px|'''Figure 3''': Colonies containing both the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid and the HPP<sub>0</sub> control plasmid demonstrated strong green fluorescence, but minimal red fluorescence.]]
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[[Image:DSC02737.jpeg|thumb|left|380px|'''Figure 4''': T7 RNAP colonies that contain the HPP-A<sub>0</sub> control plasmid demonstrated the expected yellow fluorescence.]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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We built the following constructs:
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In addition to the regular split RFP/GFP controls, we also tested 2 "hybrid" constructs to ensure that they would not fluoresce.  GFP and RFP have similar structures and functions.  Previous studies have shown that it is possible to modify GFP to display a wide range of color phenotypes.  We created the following parts: Plac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-GFP2 ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715036 BBa_I715036]) and Plac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-RFP2 ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715035 BBa_I715035]). A plasmid may, at some point during its flipping process, contain such sequences.  We tested to make sure that the similarity of these two proteins did not make them compatible enough to fluoresce.  It was found that neither of these parts show any fluorescence or color change (See fluorescence data [https://2007.igem.org/Davidson_Missouri_W/Results2#Dectection_of_Fluoresence_by_Spectroscopy below]).
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*'''Positive Control for HPP-A and HPP-B constructs '''<br>[[Image:hpp-3.png]]
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*'''HPP-A<sub>0</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-4.png]]
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*'''HPP-A<sub>1</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-5.png]]
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*'''HPP-A<sub>2</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-2.png]]
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*'''HPP-B<sub>1</sub> '''<br>[[Image:hpp-1.png]]
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[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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==Part Flipping and Computation==
 
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Co-transformation of the unsolved HPP plasmids with the Hin vector begins flipping and computationSubsequent co-transformation with the T7 RNA polymerase vector then initiates transcription.
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==Dectection of Fluoresence by Spectroscopy==
 +
We used a  fluorometer to measure the fluorescence of various HPP constructs. First, we had to determine the excitation and emission wavelengths that would allow us to detect the green and red fluorescence of split genesScans were conducted in order to find these wavelengths. The graphs below show scans of excitation wavelengths that produce fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 515 nm , the wavelength we found to be best for green, and 608 nm, the best wavelength for red. We used these scans to pick a peak emission wavelength for further testing.  
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We have found that all colonies with the HPP plasmids showed unexpected green color. The green is distinguishable by eye or fluorometer from GFP's color. As a control, we showed that the T7 RNA polymerase vector does not create the green color, so we are confident that the HPP vectors are responsible.
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For these scans we used the following constructs:<br>
 +
'''pLac-RBS-GFP1-''hixC''-GFP2''' - This construct fluoresces green on the UV box.<br>
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'''HPP-A<sub>0</sub>''' - This construct fluoresces yellow on the UV box.<br>
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'''HPP-A<sub>1</sub>''' - This construct fluoresces red on the UV box.<br>
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'''HPP-A<sub>2</sub>''' - This construct shows no fluorescence on the UV box.<br>
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<br>
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One possibility we had tested was that ''hybrid'' parts, such as RFP1-''hixC''-GFP2 and GFP1-''hixC''-RFP2 produced functional fluorescent proteins.  However, we created these parts and tested them, and found that there was no fluorescence when the pLac promoter was upstream (parts [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715035 BBa_I715035] and [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715036 BBa_I715036]).
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[[Image:GFP Fluorescence.png|frame|none|Excitation Spectra at an Emission Wavelength of 515 nm (green light)]]
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Another possibility is that these hybrid proteins cannot fluoresce independently, but will emit color when in tetramers.  Wild-type GFP and RFP are tetrameric, but the registry versions of the parts, [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E0040 BBa_E0040] and [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 BBa_E1010] are monomeric mutants.  It would be possible to test this hypothesis by running purified protein on a non-denaturing gel.
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[[Image:Red Fluorescence.png|frame|none|Excitation Spectra at an Emission Wavelength of 608 nm (red light)]]
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[[Image:T7alone.jpg|thumb|left|300px|'''Figure 3:''' Cells with only the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid, shown under UV light.  There is no fluorescence.]]
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<br>
 +
On the basis of these scans, we used excitation/emission wavelengths of 450 nm / 515 nm for green and 560 nm / 608 nm for red to obtain the results shown below.
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<br>
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[[Image:T7withHPP.jpg|thumb|none|300px|'''Figure 4:''' Cells with both the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid and the flipped Hamiltonian Path Problem plasmid, shown under UV light. There is visible green fluorescence.]]<br>
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===<center>Normalized* Fluorimetry Results</center>===
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"
 +
|-
 +
! style="color: black; background-color: white;" | Construct
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! style="color: black; background-color: white;" | Fluorescent Color on UV Box
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! style="color: black; background-color: white;" | Green
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! style="color: black; background-color: white;" | Red
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:green">GFP</span>
 +
|None
 +
|9**
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:red">RFP</span>
 +
|Red
 +
|7
 +
|<span style="color:red">263</span>
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:red">RFP</span>-RBS-<span style="color:green">GFP</span>
 +
|Red
 +
|<span style="color:green">144</span>
 +
|<span style="color:red">370</span>
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:green">GFP1</span>-''hixC''-<span style="color:green">GFP2</span>
 +
|Green
 +
|<span style="color:green">136</span>
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:red">RFP1</span>-''hixC''-<span style="color:red">RFP2</span>
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|None
 +
|0
 +
|<span style="color:red">147</span>
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:green">GFP1</span>-''hixC''-<span style="color:red">RFP2</span>
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|None
 +
|11
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|pLac-RBS-<span style="color:red">RFP1</span>-''hixC''-<span style="color:green">GFP2</span>
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|None
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|13
 +
|2
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|HPP<sub>0</sub>***
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|Green
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|<span style="color:green">72</span>
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|18
 +
|-
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 +
|HPP-A<sub>0</sub>
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|Yellow
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|<span style="color:green">340</span>
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|<span style="color:red">255</span>
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|-
 +
 
 +
|HPP-A<sub>1</sub>
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|Red
 +
|1
 +
|<span style="color:red">143</span>
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|-
 +
 
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|HPP-A<sub>2</sub>
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|None
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|11
 +
|3
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
 
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|HPP-B<sub>1</sub>***
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|Darker green
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|15
 +
|3
 +
|-
 +
 
 +
|}
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'* To normalize the data, 57 fluorescence units were subtracted from the Green column and 18 from the Red column. These were the lowest fluorescence values for each wavelength.<br>
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'** We hypothesize that the scan of this construct was faulty, as the cells fluoresce bright green under the UV lamp.<br>
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'*** These 2 constructs were cotransformed with the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid (as opposed to being transformed into T7 RNAP cells). This could explain their reduced fluorescence.
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<br>
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[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
 
==Flipping Detection by Phenotype==
==Flipping Detection by Phenotype==
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To test for flipping by phenotype, we built 3 constructs, each representing a different starting orientation for [[Davidson_Missouri_W/Results#Constructs |Graph A]].  They were labeled HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, HPP-A<sub>2</sub>, with HPP-A<sub>0</sub> already in the solved orientation,  HPP-A<sub>1</sub> demonstrating only red fluorescence initially, and HPP-A<sub>2</sub> demonstrating no initial fluorescence (See Figure 5 below).
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To test for flipping by phenotype, we used our 3 - [[Davidson_Missouri_W/Results#Constructs |Graph A]] constructs from above, HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, HPP-A<sub>2</sub>. As expected, unflipped HPP-A<sub>0</sub> fluoresced yellowunflipped HPP-A<sub>1</sub> fluoresced red, and unflipped HPP-A<sub>2</sub> demonstrated no fluorescence when transformed into the T7 RNAP cells (See Figures 5-7 below).
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[[Image:Three constructs.jpeg|thumb|none|800px|'''Figure 5:''' From top to bottom: HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715042 I715042]), HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715043 I715043]) and HPP-A<sub>2</sub>, ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715044 I715044])]]
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A fragment containing the Hin expression cassette (pLac-RBS-Hin-LVA, [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_S03536 BBa_S03536]) was ligated in front of each of the 3 HPP-A constructs. These HPP-A + Hin plasmids were then transformed into T7 RNAP cells.  A colony from each transformation was picked and grown overnight for plasmid mini-prep.  Each of the 3 constructs was restriction digested and the insert sizes were verified to be correct. The 3 constructs were then retransformed into T7 RNAP cells, and the resulting transformation mixture was streaked for colony isolation. '''The HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin plate contained mostly yellow colonies but also red and green (See Figures 8 and 11). The Hin HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin plate contained red, green and yellow colonies (See Figures 9 and 12). The HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin plate contained mostly nonfluorescent colonies with a few green and red colonies (See Figures 10 and 13).'''<br>
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Each of the 3 constructs, HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, and HPP-A<sub>2</sub>, were transformed into ''E. coli'' cells expressing T7 RNAP.  As expected, the colonies containing HPP-A<sub>0</sub> fluoresced yellow (red + green), the HPP-A<sub>1</sub> colonies fluoresced red, and the HPP-A<sub>2</sub> colonies did not fluoresce.  (See Figures 7-9 below).
 
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A fragment containing the Hin expression cassette (pLac-RBS-Hin-LVA, [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_S03536 BBa_S03536]) was ligated in front of each of the 3 HPP-A constructs. These HPP-A + Hin plasmids were then transformed into T7 RNAP cells.  A colony from each transformation was picked and grown overnight for plasmid mini-prep.  Each of the 3 constructs was restriction digested and the insert sizes were verified to be correct. The 3 constructs were then retransformed into T7 RNAP cells, and the resulting transformation mixture was streaked for colony isolation. '''The HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin plate contained mostly yellow colonies but also red and green (See Figures 10 and 13). The Hin HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin plate contained red, green and yellow colonies (See Figures 11 and 14).  The HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin plate contained mostly nonfluorescent colonies with a few green and red colonies (See Figures 12 and 15).'''<br>
 
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<hr>
 
''Click twice on the images below for higher resolution.''
''Click twice on the images below for higher resolution.''
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[[Image:DSC02737.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 7:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> - These colonies glow yellow]] [[Image:DSC02738.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 8:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> - These colonies glow red]] [[Image:DSC02739.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 9:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> - These colonies do not glow]]
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[[Image:DSC02737.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 5:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> - These colonies fluoresced yellow]] [[Image:DSC02738.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 6:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> - These colonies fluoresced red]] [[Image:DSC02739.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 7:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> - These colonies do not fluoresce]]
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[[Image:DSC02746.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 10:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies]] [[Image:DSC02744.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 11:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies]] [[Image:DSC02736.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 12:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green and red colonies]]
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[[Image:DSC02746.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 8:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies]] [[Image:DSC02744.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 9:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies]] [[Image:DSC02736.jpeg|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 10:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green and red colonies]]
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[[Image:Hin-ABC-cropped2.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 13:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 10]]  
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[[Image:Hin-ABC-cropped2.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 11:''' HPP-A<sub>0</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 8]]  
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[[Image:Hin-ACB-cropped3.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 14:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 11]]
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[[Image:Hin-ACB-cropped3.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 12:''' HPP-A<sub>1</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 9]]
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[[Image:Hin-BAC-cropped.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 15:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 12]]
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[[Image:Hin-BAC-cropped.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Figure 13:''' HPP-A<sub>2</sub> + Hin - closeup of Figure 10]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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==Flipping Detection by PCR==
==Flipping Detection by PCR==
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In order to provide physical evidence of Hin-mediated DNA rearrangement, we designed PCR primers that would allow us to determine the position of one of the GFP2 gene half.  The experiment below shows the results of PCR using the universal primer G00101, which binds to vector sequence 3' to the biobrick suffix, and primer GFP2-forward. <br>
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In order to provide physical evidence of Hin-mediated DNA rearrangement of our HPP-A + Hin constructs, we designed PCR primers that would allow us to determine the position of the GFP2 gene half.  The experiment below shows the results of PCR using the universal reverse primer [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_G00101 G00101], which binds to the 3' biobrick suffix, and a GFP2-forward primer. <br><br>
Here is how the primers bind to the 3 HPP-A constructs:<br>
Here is how the primers bind to the 3 HPP-A constructs:<br>
-
[[Image:HPP-A_PCR_Primers.png|none|400px.jpg]]<br>
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[[Image:HPP-A_PCR_Primers.png|frame|none|400px|'''PCR Primer Binding''': (from top to bottom) HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, HPP-A<sub>2</sub>]]<br>
<br>
<br>
-
[[Image:flipped pcr.jpg]]
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[[Image:PCR 10-25-07.JPG|thumb|left|270px|Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lanes 2 : HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, Lanes 3 : HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, Lanes 4 : HPP-A<sub>2</sub>, Lanes 5 : Hin+HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, Lanes 6 : Hin+HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, Lanes 7 : Hin+HPP-A<sub>2</sub>]]
<br>
<br>
-
Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000 bp), Lanes 2-4 : HPP-A<sub>0</sub> with 14, 16, and 18 cycles, Lanes 5-7 : HPP-A<sub>1</sub> with 14, 16, and 18 cycles, Lanes 8-10 : HPP-A<sub>2</sub> with 14, 16, and 18 cycles
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[[Image:gels_10_25_07.JPG|thumb|left|270px|'''Left Gel''' - Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lanes 2,3 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, Lanes 4,5 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, Lanes 6,7 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>2</sub><br>
 +
'''Right Gel''' - Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lane 3 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>0</sub>, Lanes 5 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>1</sub>, Lanes 7 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A<sub>2</sub>]]
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<br>
<br>
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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==Dectection of Fluoresence by Spectroscopy==
 
-
We used a fluorescent spectrometer to measure the fluorescence of wild type GFP, wild type GFP, the versions of these two split by hix sites, and new combinations of the GFP and RFP gene halves.  We were able to detect fluorescence in bacterial cells by simply mixing the cells with 200 ul of water and measuring in a microtiter plate.
 
-
<br>
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[[Image:Linebreak.png]]
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We first had to determine the excitation and emission wavelengths that would allow us to detect the green and red fluorescence. Scans were conducted in order to find these wavelengths.  For example, the graphs below shows scans of excitation wavelengths that produce fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 515 nm, the wavelength we found to be best for green, and 608 nm, the best wavelength for red.
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Sample 1 = pLac GFP1-hix-GFP2, glows green on UV box<br>
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Sample 2 = pT7-RFP1-hix-RFP2-GFP1-hix-GFP2-TT-hix-RFP2-TT-hix  , glows yellow on UV box<br>
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Sample 3 = pT7-RFP1-hix-RFP2-GFP1-hix-RFP2-TT-hix-GFP2-TT-hix  , glows red on UV box<br>
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Sample 4 = pT7-RFP1-hix-GFP2-TT-hix-RFP2-GFP1-hix-RFP2-TT-hix  , does not glow on UV box<br>
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[[Image:Fluorometer graph 1.jpg]]
 
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[[Image:FG2.jpg]]
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==Conclusions==
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We were able to successfully insert a 13 amino acid ''hixC'' site into Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), maintaining the functionality of the proteins and allowing for flipping of the DNA by Hin Recombinase. When both split RFP and split GFP are present in the same cell, a yellow color can be observed by eye under UV light, and both red and green fluorescence are detected by fluorimetry. We thus attempted to construct a simple bacterial computer capable of solving a 3-node Hamiltonian Path Problem.  We planned to select for the solution by picking cells that fluoresced yellow (both red and green).
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To test for flipping of our HPP computer constructs, we attatched a Hin-expression vector to the HPP construct and observed phenotypic differences in colonies. For all of the starting orientations, we observed colonies of varying colors, suggesting that some colonies had flipped away from their starting orientation and into a new orientation that produced a different phenotype. We also tested for flipping by PCR and were able to see multiple bands for all of our flipped constructs. These results strongly suggest that flipping has occured in each of our HPP constructs.  
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On the basis of these scans, we used excitation/emission wavelengths of 450 nm / 515 nm for green and 560 nm / 608 nm for red.
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[[Image:Fluormeter Table.jpg]]
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In the coming days, we plan to retransform our flipped HPP plasmid (without Hin-Recombinase) into T7 RNAP cells in order to obtain clonal colonies. We hope that selecting for a yellow colony and sequencing this plasmid would give us the solution to the Hamiltonian Path Problem that was programmed into the cells.  
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Conclusions:  We have been able to detect both green and red fluorescence in bacteria. When both of these are present, a yellow color can be observed.  A surprise was that the construct that produces RFP1-GFP2 and GFP1-RFP2 is yellow on the UV box, but does not fluoresce green or red by spectroscopy.
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Latest revision as of 03:16, 26 October 2007

Home | Background Information | Current Project: Solving the Hamiltonian Path Problem in vivo | Mathematical Modeling | Gene Splitting | Results | Traveling Salesperson Problem | Software | Resources and Citations


Contents

Gene Splitting

We were able to split two genes: GFP and RFP. Split GFP has strong green fluorescence. Split RFP's red color is much reduced compared to wild-type RFP. It takes overnight incubation at room temperature for the red color to be visible in white light. Both colors are fluorescent under UV light, although the green color predominates. In Figure 1 below, a negative-control (on the left) does not fluoresce, but split GFP (on the right) does. Figure 2 shows a plate of cells containing split RFP.

Figure 1: The negative control (hixC-GFP2) on the left does not fluoresce, but the experimental split GFP (pLac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-GFP2) on the right does.
Figure 2: Cells containing split RFP (pLac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-RFP2) after overnight incubation at room temperature.

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Graphs

Once we managed to split two genes, we proceeded to implement two different 3-node graphs into plasmids. These graphs were named Graphs A and B and are shown below. For each graph, we wanted to find a Hamiltonian Path from the node represented by RFP (colored in green) to the node represented by the transcriptional terminator (colored in red). The plasmid representation of Graph A is not be capable of flipping into a false positive orientation, while the plasmid representation of Graph B does provide that possibility.

Graph A: This graph contains 3-nodes and 3-edges. We wanted to find a Hamiltonian path from the node representing RFP (colored in green) to the node representing the transcriptional terminator (colored in red).
Graph B: This graph also contains 3-nodes and 3-edges, however it provides the possibility of a false positive solution.

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Starting Orientations

We constructed the following Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP) constructs to test our bacterial computer system for Graphs A and B. Constructs that are built to solve Graph A are labeled HPP-A. Constructs that are built to solve Graph B are labeled HPP-B. A subscript equal to 0 denotes a plasmid in a solved orientation. A subscript that is greater than 0 denotes a plasmid that is in an unordered starting orientation.

  • HPP0 (Positive Control for HPP-A and HPP-B constructs)
    Hpp-3.png

  • HPP-A0 (Solved Orientation)
    Hpp-4.png
  • HPP-A1
    Hpp-2.png
  • HPP-A2
    Hpp-5.png
  • HPP-B1
    Hpp-1.png

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Controls

Because are graphs require that solved colonies be selected for by double fluorescence (both red and green), we first performed control experiments to ensure that we could distinguish solved and unsolved colonies. To test fluorescence phenotypes when both split GFP and split RFP are the same cell, we used our positive control constructs ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715045 HPP0] and [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715042 HPP-A0]) with split RFP and split GFP both downstream of the T7 polymerase promoter. In the presence of T7 polymerase, cells with the split RFP/GFP plasmid should demonstrate both green and red fluorescence.

We first tried cotransforming our HPP0 construct with a T7 RNA polymerase plasmid construct ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715038 BBa_I715038]). As can be seen in Figure 3 below, this cotransformation resulted in bright green colonies that demonstrated minimal red fluorescence. When we measured the fluorescence of the cotransformed control, RFP was not present at detectable levels (See fluorescence data below).

We then tried transforming our HPP-A0 control plasmid into cells that already contained T7 polymerase in their chromosome (T7 RNAP cells). As can be seen in Figure 4 below, these colonies displayed the yellowish color we expected. Based on our fluorescence data, (shown below), we were able to show that GFP and RFP were present at detectable levels in this control. We hypothesize that the difference in the two controls is due to higher concentrations of T7 RNA polymerase in the T7 RNAP cells than in the cotransformants. We therefore used the T7 RNAP cells for future experiments.

Figure 3: Colonies containing both the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid and the HPP0 control plasmid demonstrated strong green fluorescence, but minimal red fluorescence.
Figure 4: T7 RNAP colonies that contain the HPP-A0 control plasmid demonstrated the expected yellow fluorescence.

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In addition to the regular split RFP/GFP controls, we also tested 2 "hybrid" constructs to ensure that they would not fluoresce. GFP and RFP have similar structures and functions. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to modify GFP to display a wide range of color phenotypes. We created the following parts: Plac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-GFP2 ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715036 BBa_I715036]) and Plac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-RFP2 ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I715035 BBa_I715035]). A plasmid may, at some point during its flipping process, contain such sequences. We tested to make sure that the similarity of these two proteins did not make them compatible enough to fluoresce. It was found that neither of these parts show any fluorescence or color change (See fluorescence data below).

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Dectection of Fluoresence by Spectroscopy

We used a fluorometer to measure the fluorescence of various HPP constructs. First, we had to determine the excitation and emission wavelengths that would allow us to detect the green and red fluorescence of split genes. Scans were conducted in order to find these wavelengths. The graphs below show scans of excitation wavelengths that produce fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 515 nm , the wavelength we found to be best for green, and 608 nm, the best wavelength for red. We used these scans to pick a peak emission wavelength for further testing.

For these scans we used the following constructs:
pLac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-GFP2 - This construct fluoresces green on the UV box.
HPP-A0 - This construct fluoresces yellow on the UV box.
HPP-A1 - This construct fluoresces red on the UV box.
HPP-A2 - This construct shows no fluorescence on the UV box.

Excitation Spectra at an Emission Wavelength of 515 nm (green light)
Excitation Spectra at an Emission Wavelength of 608 nm (red light)


On the basis of these scans, we used excitation/emission wavelengths of 450 nm / 515 nm for green and 560 nm / 608 nm for red to obtain the results shown below.

Normalized* Fluorimetry Results

Construct Fluorescent Color on UV Box Green Red
pLac-RBS-GFP None 9** 2
pLac-RBS-RFP Red 7 263
pLac-RBS-RFP-RBS-GFP Red 144 370
pLac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-GFP2 Green 136 0
pLac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-RFP2 None 0 147
pLac-RBS-GFP1-hixC-RFP2 None 11 2
pLac-RBS-RFP1-hixC-GFP2 None 13 2
HPP0*** Green 72 18
HPP-A0 Yellow 340 255
HPP-A1 Red 1 143
HPP-A2 None 11 3
HPP-B1*** Darker green 15 3

'* To normalize the data, 57 fluorescence units were subtracted from the Green column and 18 from the Red column. These were the lowest fluorescence values for each wavelength.
'** We hypothesize that the scan of this construct was faulty, as the cells fluoresce bright green under the UV lamp.
'*** These 2 constructs were cotransformed with the T7 RNA polymerase plasmid (as opposed to being transformed into T7 RNAP cells). This could explain their reduced fluorescence.


Flipping Detection by Phenotype

To test for flipping by phenotype, we used our 3 - Graph A constructs from above, HPP-A0, HPP-A1, HPP-A2. As expected, unflipped HPP-A0 fluoresced yellow, unflipped HPP-A1 fluoresced red, and unflipped HPP-A2 demonstrated no fluorescence when transformed into the T7 RNAP cells (See Figures 5-7 below).

A fragment containing the Hin expression cassette (pLac-RBS-Hin-LVA, [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_S03536 BBa_S03536]) was ligated in front of each of the 3 HPP-A constructs. These HPP-A + Hin plasmids were then transformed into T7 RNAP cells. A colony from each transformation was picked and grown overnight for plasmid mini-prep. Each of the 3 constructs was restriction digested and the insert sizes were verified to be correct. The 3 constructs were then retransformed into T7 RNAP cells, and the resulting transformation mixture was streaked for colony isolation. The HPP-A0 + Hin plate contained mostly yellow colonies but also red and green (See Figures 8 and 11). The Hin HPP-A1 + Hin plate contained red, green and yellow colonies (See Figures 9 and 12). The HPP-A2 + Hin plate contained mostly nonfluorescent colonies with a few green and red colonies (See Figures 10 and 13).


Click twice on the images below for higher resolution.

Figure 5: HPP-A0 - These colonies fluoresced yellow
Figure 6: HPP-A1 - These colonies fluoresced red
Figure 7: HPP-A2 - These colonies do not fluoresce
Figure 8: HPP-A0 + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies
Figure 9: HPP-A1 + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green, red, and yellow colonies
Figure 10: HPP-A2 + Hin - The addition of Hin has produced green and red colonies
Figure 11: HPP-A0 + Hin - closeup of Figure 8
Figure 12: HPP-A1 + Hin - closeup of Figure 9
Figure 13: HPP-A2 + Hin - closeup of Figure 10

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Flipping Detection by PCR

In order to provide physical evidence of Hin-mediated DNA rearrangement of our HPP-A + Hin constructs, we designed PCR primers that would allow us to determine the position of the GFP2 gene half. The experiment below shows the results of PCR using the universal reverse primer [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_G00101 G00101], which binds to the 3' biobrick suffix, and a GFP2-forward primer.

Here is how the primers bind to the 3 HPP-A constructs:

PCR Primer Binding: (from top to bottom) HPP-A0, HPP-A1, HPP-A2


Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lanes 2 : HPP-A0, Lanes 3 : HPP-A1, Lanes 4 : HPP-A2, Lanes 5 : Hin+HPP-A0, Lanes 6 : Hin+HPP-A1, Lanes 7 : Hin+HPP-A2


Left Gel - Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lanes 2,3 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A0, Lanes 4,5 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A1, Lanes 6,7 : ClaI digest of Hin+HPP-A2
Right Gel - Lane 1 : MW marker (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1400/1550, 2000, 3000, 4000 bp), Lane 3 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A0, Lanes 5 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A1, Lanes 7 : EcoRI+PstI digest of Hin+HPP-A2



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Conclusions

We were able to successfully insert a 13 amino acid hixC site into Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), maintaining the functionality of the proteins and allowing for flipping of the DNA by Hin Recombinase. When both split RFP and split GFP are present in the same cell, a yellow color can be observed by eye under UV light, and both red and green fluorescence are detected by fluorimetry. We thus attempted to construct a simple bacterial computer capable of solving a 3-node Hamiltonian Path Problem. We planned to select for the solution by picking cells that fluoresced yellow (both red and green).

To test for flipping of our HPP computer constructs, we attatched a Hin-expression vector to the HPP construct and observed phenotypic differences in colonies. For all of the starting orientations, we observed colonies of varying colors, suggesting that some colonies had flipped away from their starting orientation and into a new orientation that produced a different phenotype. We also tested for flipping by PCR and were able to see multiple bands for all of our flipped constructs. These results strongly suggest that flipping has occured in each of our HPP constructs.

In the coming days, we plan to retransform our flipped HPP plasmid (without Hin-Recombinase) into T7 RNAP cells in order to obtain clonal colonies. We hope that selecting for a yellow colony and sequencing this plasmid would give us the solution to the Hamiltonian Path Problem that was programmed into the cells.



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