Tokyo/Requirements

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==[[Tokyo_Tech|Abstract]]  [[Tokyo/Model|Concept & Model]]  [[Tokyo/Requirements |Requirements]]  [[Tokyo/Genetic circuit|Genetic_circuit]]  [[Tokyo/Works|Works]]  [[Tokyo/about our team|About_our_team]]==
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==[[Tokyo_Tech|Abstract]]  [[Tokyo/Model|Concept & Model]]  [[Tokyo/Requirements |Requirements]]  [[Tokyo/Genetic circuit|Genetic_circuit]]  [[Tokyo/Works|Works]]  [[Tokyo/About our team|About_our_team]]==
<!--我々のモデルの最も重要な点を挙げると、それは共存安定である。
<!--我々のモデルの最も重要な点を挙げると、それは共存安定である。
共存安定とは、複数のタイプのものが、一定の割合で存在し続け、環境の変化に対応できることである。
共存安定とは、複数のタイプのものが、一定の割合で存在し続け、環境の変化に対応できることである。
我々は共存安定を動的平衡(化学平衡のような安定)でなく実装する必要がある。-->
我々は共存安定を動的平衡(化学平衡のような安定)でなく実装する必要がある。-->
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<!--==”共存安定”をなすために必要なこと==-->
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The most important and underlying point of our model is that the system is stable against environmental changes when two or more types of individuals coexist, called "stable coexistence." Our project have aimed at this "stable coexistence" but not dynamic equilibrium such as chemical ones.
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== What is necessary for "Balanced differentiation"? ==
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The most important and underlying point of our model is that the system is stable against environmental changes when two types of differentiated individuals coexist, called "Balanced differentiation." Our project has aimed at this "Balanced differentiation" but not dynamic equilibrium such as chemical ones.
<!--共存安定をなりたたせるために必要な要素は以下の3つである
<!--共存安定をなりたたせるために必要な要素は以下の3つである
1.双安定
1.双安定
2.Cell-Cellコミュニケーション
2.Cell-Cellコミュニケーション
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3.2つの機能が1つの細胞から実現されること-->
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<br>To achieve this “coexistence stability,our model requires
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<br>To achieve this “Balanced differentiation", our model requires
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<br>1. bistability at two distinct states in a single cell
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<br>1. differentiation(=bistability) generated by mutual-inhibition circuit.
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<br>2. cell-cell communication by quarum sensing
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<br>2. cell-cell communication by quorum sensing
   
   
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[[Image:bistability.jpg|thumb|350px| '''Fig.1: '''Bistablity]]
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[[Image:Stable.jpg|thumb|250px| '''Fig.1: Differentiation(=bistability)''' <br>Cells with the same gene take either of two differentiated states, A (worker, red) or B (idler, green) stably.]]
<!--それぞれについて以下で説明する。-->
<!--それぞれについて以下で説明する。-->
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====1. Bistability====
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====1. Differentiation(=bistability)====
<!--これがないと、動的平衡になってしまう。<br>Without this, our model is subject to dynamic equilibrium.-->
<!--これがないと、動的平衡になってしまう。<br>Without this, our model is subject to dynamic equilibrium.-->
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'''1-1. At an individual level'''
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'''~ at an individual level ~'''
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For "balanced differentiation" in our model, two types of cells should coexist stably. Therefore, cells with '''THE SAME GENE SET''' need to take either of '''TWO DIFFERENTIATED STATES''', A (Worker) or B (Idler) in our project as shown in Fig. 1. '''In order to distinguish from dynamic stability, "balanced differentiation" must be achieved by two distinct states inconvertible each other.''' This bistability can be achieved by mutual-inhibition circuit.
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For "coexistence stability" in our model, two types of cells should coexist stably. Therefore, cells with '''THE SAME GENE SET''' need to take '''TWO STATE STATES''', A (Worker) and B (Idler) in our project as shown in Fig. 1. '''To be clearly distinduished from dynamic stability, "coexistence stability" must be achieved by two distinct states unconvertible each other'''.
 
  <!--[[Image:collective.jpg|thumb|350px| '''Fig.2: Coexistence]]-->
  <!--[[Image:collective.jpg|thumb|350px| '''Fig.2: Coexistence]]-->
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'''1-2. At a collective level'''
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<!--<br>'''1-2. At a collective level'''
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To achieve "balanced differentiation", each cell needs to recognize cell types - the ratio of A and B - around itself.
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As is often the case in natural bacteria, our modified cells here sense the types of coexisting cells by cell-cell communication called quorum sensing. Under the coexistence of A and B at a specific ratio, the whole system (or group) is collectively stable. Fig. 2 simply shows this scheme. -->
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<!--このsectionでquorum sensingの話が出てくるのはおかしいのでは?そもそもbistabilityはindividual cellの性質として重要なのであって、bistabilityのcollective levelの説明は必要ないと思います。なのでこの1.2はなくてよいと思います。-->
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<br>
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To achieve "coexistence stability," each cell needs to feel cell types - the ratio of A and B -  around.
 
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As is often the case bacteria in the nature, our modified cells here sense the types of coexisting cells by cell-cell communication called quorum sensing. Under the coexistence of  A and B at a specific ratio, the whole system (or group) is collectively stable. Fig. 2 simply shows this scheme.
 
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====2. Cell-cell communication ====
====2. Cell-cell communication ====
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When this stable coexistence is disrupted, by removing all the A type for example, these individual cells sense the change. Their states A or B become unstable as if cells became upset - '''INDIVIDUAL STATES ARE UNSTABLE ⇒ They are COLLECTIVELY UNSTABLE'''. Then some of them changed their states while the others do not. As a result, at a certain ratio of A and B again, the whole system comes back to a stable states. Here the cells are '''COLLECTIVELY STABLE ⇒ INDIVIDUALS ARE STABLE''' under this stable coexistence.
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When this balanced differentiation is disrupted, by removing all the A types for example, the rest individual B cells sense the change. Their differentiated states become unstable as if they become upset. Then all cells dedifferentiate, but after a while, redifferentiation is triggered by cell-cell communication. As a result, at a certain ratio of A and B again, the whole system comes back to a stable state.
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[[Image:Cellcell.JPG|thumb|450px| '''Fig.2: Cell-cell communication'''<br>Intercellular interaction is established by communication molecule AHL. When enough AHL is produced by the workers, the idlers are stable; however, if it is not ~ communication being interrupted, ~ they dedifferentiate. Thus, cells can sense the surrounding cell types. ]]

Latest revision as of 05:06, 27 October 2007


Abstract  Concept & Model  Requirements  Genetic_circuit  Works  About_our_team

What is necessary for "Balanced differentiation"?

The most important and underlying point of our model is that the system is stable against environmental changes when two types of differentiated individuals coexist, called "Balanced differentiation." Our project has aimed at this "Balanced differentiation" but not dynamic equilibrium such as chemical ones.
To achieve this “Balanced differentiation", our model requires
1. differentiation(=bistability) generated by mutual-inhibition circuit.
2. cell-cell communication by quorum sensing


Fig.1: Differentiation(=bistability)
Cells with the same gene take either of two differentiated states, A (worker, red) or B (idler, green) stably.


1. Differentiation(=bistability)

~ at an individual level ~

For "balanced differentiation" in our model, two types of cells should coexist stably. Therefore, cells with THE SAME GENE SET need to take either of TWO DIFFERENTIATED STATES, A (Worker) or B (Idler) in our project as shown in Fig. 1. In order to distinguish from dynamic stability, "balanced differentiation" must be achieved by two distinct states inconvertible each other. This bistability can be achieved by mutual-inhibition circuit.




2. Cell-cell communication

When this balanced differentiation is disrupted, by removing all the A types for example, the rest individual B cells sense the change. Their differentiated states become unstable as if they become upset. Then all cells dedifferentiate, but after a while, redifferentiation is triggered by cell-cell communication. As a result, at a certain ratio of A and B again, the whole system comes back to a stable state.

Fig.2: Cell-cell communication
Intercellular interaction is established by communication molecule AHL. When enough AHL is produced by the workers, the idlers are stable; however, if it is not ~ communication being interrupted, ~ they dedifferentiate. Thus, cells can sense the surrounding cell types.